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Center for International Relations
and Sustainable Development

Restoring Credibility, Delivering Results

Press conference by President of the UN General Assembly María Fernanda Espinosa on October 23rd, 2018
UN Geneva, CC BY-NC-ND 2.0
María Fernanda Espinosa Garcés is a former President of the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) and former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ecuador. She is a candidate for United Nations Secretary General, and this essay is her vision statement.

I seek the office of Secretary General at a moment when the world does not need another restatement of multilateral ideals. It needs results: a United Nations that prevents crisis earlier, responds more coherently, delivers more effectively, and restores confidence in the value of collective action. A UN that helps governments deliver for their citizens; and deliver on the foundational principles of the Charter: freedom from war, freedom to live with dignity, development and human rights.

What is now in question is not the relevance of the United Nations, but its credibility. The crisis facing the UN is not one of principle or lack of need. Across regions and political divides, there is a clear understanding that no nation alone can confront the defining tests of our time: war and displacement; hunger and poverty; inequality and debt; energy and climate insecurity, health and environmental shocks; and demographic and technological change.

The case for effective multilateralism remains strong. Yet the gap between what the UN promises and what it is seen to deliver has grown far too wide. Often, the Organization is slow when it should be decisive, fragmented when it should be aligned, and procedural when it should act with purpose. The result is a crisis of confidence that affects everything else: political space, operational effectiveness, staff morale, and ultimately financial support.

Restoring credibility, requires delivering results. This cannot be achieved by defending the status quo or offering promises of cosmetic changes. It requires political clarity, consistency and disciplined reform: ambitious enough to restore credibility, targeted enough to deliver outcomes, and bold enough to break with habits that no longer serve the world. Above all, it requires the courage to voice a simple truth: the UN must be judged not by the number of convenings it holds, but by how many lives it improves, and how effectively it prevents conflict and contributes to peace and stability.

Rebuilding a UN focused on Results

The world does not need a larger United Nations. It needs a more effective one. Under my leadership and working within the authority entrusted to the Secretary General by the Charter and by Member States, the UN will translate commitments into concrete, measurable outcomes that contribute to global peace, stability, and prosperity.

I have served my country as Minister of Foreign Affairs and as Minister of Defense. I have served the international community as President of the UN General Assembly—the first woman from Latin America and the Caribbean to hold this post. I have advanced peace and security, sustainable development, and human rights, and national and global institutional reforms with a range of partners, including international financial institutions, regional organizations, the private sector, civil society, and cities.

I have seen what the UN can achieve when it is focused, practical, and backed by the trust and confidence of its Member States. I have also seen what happens when it becomes bureaucratic, too slow, too divided, or too cautious, precisely when courage and delivery are most needed. The UN must spend less time managing itself and more time supporting countries solve real problems, particularly for their most vulnerable citizens. It must remain at the heart of global cooperation, but it cannot be at the center of every solution. Instead, it can amplify its resources by supporting national leadership, working through partners, and by taking a decentralized “local first” approach, where the UN acts only when others, including regional organizations, cannot. This would allow the UN to right-size without downgrading and make targeted investments in areas where it is best poised to deliver results.

My vision is organized around five interconnected pillars of transformation: peace and security, development, digital and energy transformation, closing the delivery gap, and rebuilding credibility. This is not an extensive comprehensive action plan, because comprehensive political and financial leadership must come from the Member States. Rather, it highlights areas where the Secretary General can act most effectively within her remit to restore UN credibility and confidence by delivering results.

Peace and Security: The Courage to Act Early

The United Nations was created to prevent war, ad yet it frequently arrives after the worst has already happened. I will place peace and prevention at the center of the office of the Secretary General. Member States, large and small alike, expect a Secretary General who helps create the conditions for dialogue and de-escalation, and places the UN’s administrative and operational capacities to preserve peace and international stability. The Secretary General must be willing and able, to engage early, discreetly, and persistently. She must also be both impartial and consistent, bringing the same seriousness, urgency and respect for international law, to every situation.

In an environment of heightened geopolitical tension, prevention must return to the core of the UN’s peace and security architecture. Prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, and post-conflict peacebuilding must be staffed, funded, and politically supported as parts of a single continuum. Today, funding for crisis response far outweighs investment in early warning and preventive diplomacy. Prevention saves lives and resources and must be given the same level of political priority, institutional attention, and financial support as conflict response.

As Secretary General, I will establish a Prevention and Early Action Hub reporting directly to my office: a consolidated capacity for risk analysis, early warning, and rapid political engagement. This Hub will integrate signals from across the UN system into a coherent political assessment that triggers timely action. Its purpose is simple: to ensure that warnings reach decision-makers early, that diplomatic options are identified quickly, and that the Secretary General can act before escalation narrows the available space.

The UN must also respond more effectively to threats such as transnational organized crime, which is a major driver of instability in several regions, including Latin America and the Caribbean, with direct impact on governance, development, and regional security. Addressing these challenges requires integrated responses that connect the normative authority and political decision-making of the UN’s principal organs with the field presence and operational capacities of the entities working on the ground. Transnational organized crime is a threat to international peace and security that was not envisioned in 1945, and for which the UN’s response must adapt.

Adaptation to emerging realities, needs a renewed approach to collaboration with regional organizations, national leaders, and diplomatic coalitions engaged in peace efforts, while preserving the UN’s role as the final custodian of universal legitimacy, international law, and protection for the most vulnerable. The UN does not hold a monopoly on peacemaking. Its role is to support, connect, and, where necessary, help sustain political processes that might otherwise falter, while remaining available as a trusted channel when other avenues close. At the same time, we must be clear about the limits of what the UN can achieve where political conditions constrain collective action. In such contexts, the Organization’s role is to preserve space for dialogue, reduce the risk of escalation, and manage the consequences of conflicts.

The Development Imperative: The Duty to Deliver

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) represented a historic convergence of ambition. But ambition is not implementation. With most SDG targets off track, our aspirations have outrun delivery. As Secretary General, I will draw on the UN’s analytical and strategic capacities to provide Member States with rapid assessments on where progress remains possible, where priorities need adjusting, and what practical steps could accelerate implementation before 2030.

At the same time, we must start moving decisively toward a new development approach that places national and local ownership at its core but also recognizes the increased opportunities that have opened up with closer regional cooperation. As Secretary General, I will prioritize frameworks and partnerships for broader resource mobilization, including stronger domestic resource mobilization, boosting investment and jobs, economic diversification and closer South-South integration and cooperation.

The final stretch of the SDGs (2027 to 2030) should be used to strengthen national capacities, enabling local governments, enterprises, institutions, and communities to lead implementation with greater autonomy, accountability and effectiveness. This is not about reducing the UN’s commitment to development, but about delivering it differently: shifting from direct implementation toward support, coordination, resources and capacity-building. In this model, the UN remains at the heart of development cooperation, but not at the center of implementation. It provides strategic guidance, normative standards, foresight, and technical expertise, while supporting Member States in building resilient and effective national systems. Funds, programs, and agencies must operate to enable national capacity, in development and humanitarian contexts, and as a safety net in situations of fragility and crisis.

For this model to work, governments need access to stable and affordable sources of finance, both public and private. Official Development Assistance remains vital for vulnerable communities, and sustains many of the UN’s most tangible outcomes, including health, education and support for children and families. But it represents a fraction of what is needed. Crucially, these efforts must not deepen debt distress. Many developing countries are forced to spend more on servicing their debt than on essential services. Debt has become a structural constraint to development, absorbing fiscal space, limiting public investment, and weakening capacity to respond to shocks and social needs. I will seek to encourage a more coherent international response to the pressures facing highly indebted and climate-vulnerable countries.

While the UN cannot and should not attempt to replace the international financial institutions, it can help create the political conditions for change. Under my leadership, the UN will use its convening power, analytical capacity, and universal legitimacy to support Member States in advancing debt restructuring, identifying more innovative responses to debt crises, and to build a broader consensus on reforming international financial architecture, to better reflect contemporary realities.

As Secretary General, I will support the implementation, monitoring, and mobilization of political and financial support for intergovernmental agreements aimed at reducing development gaps and addressing the special needs and unlocking the great potential of Africa, Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDCs), and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), while advancing the broader priorities of developing countries across the multilateral system. This also requires close engagement with regional organizations and political platforms, including the African Union, CARICOM, ASEAN, CELAC, the League of Arab States, and others, as well as with key partners such as the European Union, whose engagement and support remain essential to building credible and effective multilateral solutions.

Energy and Digital Transformation: The Ability to Convene

The energy transition, digital infrastructure, artificial intelligence and biotechnology, are reshaping how societies function, economies grow, conflict emerges and power is distributed. Governments, corporations, and research institutions are taking decisions, often in isolation from one another, that will shape people’s lives for decades. No single state can manage them alone, no corporation has the legitimacy to govern them for the world, and no purely technical body can generate the political confidence such decisions require.

This is precisely where the UN’s irreplaceable value lies, not as a regulator, not as a rule-writer, but as the only institution with the universal legitimacy, political neutrality, and convening power to bring every relevant voice to the same table. The role of the UN is not to govern these transitions, but to ensure that the conversations shaping them are genuinely global, inclusive, and consequential.

On energy, the UN must strengthen its role as a platform for cooperation, as well as its ability to support Member States during energy shocks. Questions of energy security and access, affordability, sustainability, trade, and strategic autonomy, are central to global stability. The transition to new energy systems is reshaping patterns of dependence and competition. The UN cannot determine energy policy, but it can help Member States work together to manage the global implications of these shifts and to build frameworks that reduce risk, adapt to shocks and expand shared benefit.

These vulnerabilities become most visible when geopolitical tensions disrupt markets and supply chains. The consequences are often felt most severely by vulnerable economies and people, particularly in the developing world. As Secretary General, I would seek to establish a Global Energy Security coordination mechanism to bring together Member States, and other key actors, to support in managing the consequences of global shocks, including their impacts on energy access and affordability, food security, development prospects, and social stability.

On technology, I will build on the Global Digital Compact, adopted as part of the Pact for the Future, through a sustained Secretary General’s Dialogue on Emerging Technologies. This will not be another talking shop. It will be a structured, high-level convening process that brings together heads of government, scientists, civil society, and responsible private-sector actors to reduce strategic misunderstandings, broaden participation, and build practical pathways toward shared guardrails.

Both AI capabilities and critical mineral extraction, are unevenly distributed and developing at breakneck speed. Smaller and developing nations risk becoming recipients of choices outside their control. The result: a fragmented and increasingly unstable landscape, with high risk of miscalculation, misuse, and deepening inequality. The UN can help change that not by claiming authority, but by creating the conditions under which all States (including those that might not otherwise engage directly with each other) can identify shared concerns, reduce risks, and begin building trust. The Secretary General’s good offices are as relevant to technological and economic change, as they have historically been to armed conflict.

We cannot close the development gap without addressing the digital divide and expanding energy access. A UN that is serious about equity cannot treat these transformations as conversations among the already connected. Technology transfer, capacity-building, and inclusive participation must be built into every global initiative. Internally, the UN must modernize its own operations. Digital transformation will reduce the Organization’s administrative footprint and support better decision-making, information flows, accountability and transparency. Deploying AI where it adds real value is both an efficiency imperative and a signal that the UN practices what it preaches.

Closing the Delivery Gap: The Determination to Reform

The UN does not suffer from a lack of mandates. What it lacks is the focus, discipline, and institutional coherence required to turn mandates into results, at the pace the world now demands. Across the system, decades of accumulated mandates have created a complex institutional landscape, often without sunset clauses, periodic relevance reviews, or clear prioritization. The result is fragmentation, duplication, and a structure that is difficult to manage, slow to adapt, and too often unable to deliver coherent impact.

The Pact for the Future is the political response to that reality. It reflects a shared recognition by Member States, that ambition without implementation will not restore trust in the UN. I see the Pact not only as a statement of collective intent, but as a test of whether the UN system can organize itself around delivery across development, peace and security, and human rights without weakening any pillar in the process. As Secretary General, I will treat the Pact for the Future as a reference for a system-wide delivery mandate.

The delivery gap is most visible in country contexts, where national institutions and communities confront overlapping crises, and UN entities must operate as a single system rather than in parallel. Shared country strategies, joint delivery platforms, and common services must become standard practice, embedded in how the system is managed and evaluated.

The UN80 Initiative represents an important first step toward making this shift real—efficiency matters. UN80 will only succeed if it is understood as modernization for results, not austerity disguised as reform. Cutting without prioritizing and streamlining without strengthening delivery and accountability will weaken the UN’s capacity and further erode trust. For that reason, the General Assembly’s landmark resolution of March 23rd, 2026, on mandate creation, implementation, and review is strategically important. It establishes a clear framework for how mandates should be designed and managed across the system, reaffirming that mandates must deliver maximum impact for Member States and the people we serve, preserving the intergovernmental nature of decision-making.

Drawing on my experience of chairing the Open-ended Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly and as President of the General Assembly, I will support Member States in making mandate review a permanent discipline rather than a one-off exercise driven solely by financial crisis. This means instituting predictable relevance reviews, stronger prioritization, and better mechanisms to reduce duplication, so that the UN focuses resources where it is uniquely positioned to add value.

I will also work to reduce counterproductive institutional competition among UN entities. Fragmentation, weak coordination, and competition for visibility and resources undermine results and damage credibility. A stronger UN requires incentives that reward system-wide outcomes rather than silo performance. Collaboration and joint delivery must be reflected in leadership performance and in how the system allocates and evaluates resources.

Finally, closing the delivery gap requires stronger accountability. UN entities are not autonomous islands. They are part of a single institutional system and must demonstrate performance, efficiency, and impact. Under my leadership, oversight, audit, inspection, and evaluation functions must be strengthened and better coordinated so that duplication and persistent underperformance are identified early and corrected decisively. Accountability should be built into governance as a continuous, results-based evaluation and not an afterthought or a post-facto exercise.

Resourcing Results: The Skill to Rebuild Trust

Resources require credibility, and credibility requires results. But results also require resources that are predictable, fit for purpose, and protected over time from disruption. Today, too much of the UN’s financial debate is reduced to cuts, liquidity pressures, and short-term crisis management. That approach cannot restore confidence. It deepens uncertainty, weakens delivery, and ultimately erodes trust.

The United Nations must be financed to reflect the seriousness and scope of its mandates and what it does well in terms of performance and addressing acute needs. Financial governance is a political question of priorities, discipline, accountability, and institutional credibility. Member States hold budgetary authority through the General Assembly, and the Secretary General’s responsibility is to ensure that every financial resource entrusted to the UN is managed with transparency, coherence, and a measurable impact.

The UN operates through distinct financial realities, each requiring a clear and differentiated approach. First, the regular budget is the UN’s institutional backbone. It sustains the Secretariat’s core capacities, the servicing of intergovernmental bodies and mandates, and the managerial functions without which the United Nations system cannot act coherently. When the regular budget is destabilized and arrears grow, system-wide coordination weakens, response times slow, institutional memory and confidence dampen, and fragmentation increases across the system.

Second, peacekeeping financing forms an integral part of upholding the credibility of the UN’s peace and security mandate. Peace operations cannot be managed effectively through short-term financial uncertainty. Delayed reimbursements, operational gaps, and unpredictable financing diminish missions, undermine the confidence of troop- and police-contributing countries, and reduce the UN’s capacity to preserve peace. Prevention, peacemaking, peacekeeping, and peacebuilding are one dynamic continuum. However, relatively more costly peacekeeping operations should be subject to constant evaluation and sustained corrective measures to accelerate steps toward their eventual consolidation, drawdown, and withdrawal. Their financing must reflect that strategic reality.

Third, the UN’s operational resources, the voluntary and often highly earmarked funding that sustains development, human rights, and many other field-based activities, are essential for delivering tangible impact. But they are also structurally vulnerable to volatility and fragmentation. The more these resources are narrowly earmarked and short-term in nature, the harder it becomes to build integrated, results-oriented country strategies, invest seriously in prevention, and sustain results across the political cycles of both recipient and donor partner countries alike. Funding must always follow agreed priorities, not contribute to institutional fragmentation across the UN’s operations.

Fourth, humanitarian continuity is not discretionary, to be turned on and off with callous disregard for immediate human consequences. It requires safeguarding core life-saving capabilities, preserving operational readiness, and ensuring that modernization efforts do not inadvertently punish the most vulnerable. This will be supported by three interlinked UN-wide institutional reforms. First, building a stronger accountability architecture for achieving results. Second, better stewardship of existing resources in a manner that does not confuse austerity with reform. And third, fully realigning the UN’s financial base with its mandates.

As Secretary General, I will build a financing approach that follows a simple chain: accountability, trust, resources, and effective delivery to rebuild and renew credibility. The deeper objective is to restore confidence and a new compact between Member States, the UN Secretariat, and the people we serve: a vibrant United Nations that demonstrates tangible results every day in defined areas of proven expertise, learns to step back when it lacks a comparative advantage, and justifies its hard-earned value through both principles and performance. When accountability and effective performance are credibly seen, the renewal of trust can follow. And when trust is rebuilt, the political and financial support required for effective multilateral action becomes possible too.

Restoring Trust and Delivering Results

Member States face an important choice. At a moment such as this, the United Nations needs leadership with deep institutional knowledge and technical competence, but that alone is not enough. It needs leadership with the political authority, executive experience, and diplomatic reach to reform the UN with discipline, to restore confidence in its capacity to deliver. It needs leadership that can act in real time, with clarity, judgment, and the ability to build trust across divisions. It needs leadership with energy, the capacity to act, and the persistence to sustain change.

I know the United Nations from the inside. However, I have never served as part of the Secretariat or the UN system. I understand the institution deeply, its strengths, its constraints, and its political realities, while preserving the independence required to lead change, without institutional hesitation or bureaucratic reflex. I have the unique perspective of working across the full architecture of the UN: as Permanent Representative in New York and Geneva, as Co-Chair of the Open-ended Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly, as Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Defense, and as President of the General Assembly.

My experience in public office at the highest political level has given me direct responsibility for managing and reforming complex institutions, leading major public administrations, and overseeing significant public budgets. As Minister of National Defense and Minister of Foreign Affairs, I led institutional reforms to strengthen efficiency, transparency, and accountability, managing structures involving thousands of public servants and, in the case of defense, large operational institutions with thousands of soldiers under conditions of national and regional security pressure.

As President of the UN General Assembly, I presided over the most representative political body in the multilateral system, at a moment of significant geopolitical tension. I participated directly in the negotiation and construction of agreements across the full spectrum of issues addressed by the UN, the adoption of global compacts, major intergovernmental decisions, and institutional coordination among principal organs. I understand the nuances of the intergovernmental dynamics of the UN well, built through more than three decades of negotiation, diplomacy, and leadership across peace and security, defense, development, climate, economic policy, human rights, and multilateral governance.

This experience has deepened my understanding of how global challenges are ultimately addressed through local implementation, and of the need to connect multilateral frameworks with effective public policies on the ground. This journey also reinforced a central conviction in me: that effective multilateralism is inherently interregional, networked, and solution driven. It requires bridging perspectives, aligning actors, and building coalitions that reflect the complexity of the world today—not of 1945.

I do not approach this candidacy from the vantage point of any single bloc, region, or geopolitical alignment. The Secretary General must be an honest broker, impartial in perception and in practice, consistent in the application of the Charter’s principles, and equally attentive to the priorities of North and South, East, and West. That is a discipline I have practiced throughout my career, and one I am committed to maintaining unconditionally in this role.

I am under no illusion about the difficulty of the task. The next Secretary General will inherit an institution burdened by overlapping mandates, financial pressure, with staff working amid uncertainty and in a sensitive geopolitical environment. And yet, I am convinced that strengthening the UN is one of the few areas where Member States, despite their differences, can still find common purpose. The principles of the Charter remain our enduring compass.

I offer this candidacy with a clear purpose. Not to defend the status quo. Not to add new layers of process. And not to offer easy promises in a difficult world. I offer a candidacy grounded in a simple conviction: the UN must recover the courage to prioritize, the discipline to deliver, and the political confidence to act with purpose. The world does not need a perfect United Nations. It needs a trusted, capable Organization that can bring States together, act earlier, respond better, and deliver where it matters most. That is the United Nations I will work to help build, with Member States, and for Member States.

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